Thoughts & experiments

Part 2 — Enterprise Master Data Cleaning

Embeddings and Vector Search, Step by Step: Finding Duplicate Suppliers

Learn embeddings, distance, vector databases, semantic search and a mini RAG one step at a time, by finding duplicate suppliers in a small dataset.

Part 1 — Enterprise Master Data Cleaning

Enterprise Master Data Cleaning: The Business Case for SAP Supplier Data

Why dirty vendor master data quietly costs enterprises millions, how AI helps, and the operating model that makes it safe. Part 1 of the series, for business and leadership.

Part 15 — AI Demystified

How Do You Know AI Is Actually Working?

Demos always look good. Production AI degrades silently. Here's the evaluation framework — from exact match to human review — and how to catch hallucinations.

Part 14 — AI Demystified

Latency, Tokens, and Cost — The Physics of AI Products

Why is AI slow? Why does it cost money? What does streaming actually change? The mechanics of inference, visualized.

Part 13 — AI Demystified

Do You Really Need GPT-4?

Frontier models are impressive — and often the wrong choice. Here's the model selection map: cost, capability, latency, and when local wins.

Part 8 — AI Demystified

How AI Reasons (And Why It Sometimes Breaks)

o1, o3, DeepSeek-R1 — reasoning models behave differently. What chain-of-thought actually is, what 'thinking longer' means, and where it still fails.

Part 7 — AI Demystified

What AI Cannot Do

8 structural limitations of every language model — not bugs, not temporary — built into how they work. Illustrated.

Part 12 — AI Demystified

Fine-tuning vs. Prompting — When to Use Which

Prompt engineering gets you 80% of the way. Fine-tuning gets you the last 20%. Here's a clear decision framework for choosing between them.

Part 10 — AI Demystified

Embeddings & Vector Databases — The Memory Layer of AI

How neural networks encode meaning as numbers, why similar things end up close in vector space, and what databases like Pinecone and pgvector actually do.

Part 11 — AI Demystified

RAG Explained — How AI Knows What You Didn't Train It On

Retrieval-Augmented Generation lets LLMs answer questions about documents they've never seen. Here's how the pipeline works and when to use it.

The Light Divide: 365 Days of Daylight in Stockholm vs Kolkata

An interactive polar chart exploring how radically different the rhythm of light is between two cities I call home — Stockholm and Kolkata.

Part 0 — AI Demystified

5 Mental Models You Need Before Diving Into AI

Before you learn how AI works, learn how to think about it. These five mental models will save you hours of confusion.

Part 9 — AI Demystified

Prompt Engineering — How to Talk to AI

Five techniques that cover 95% of real-world prompt engineering. Zero-shot, few-shot, role prompting, chain-of-thought, and structured output — with before/after examples.

Part 1 — How the Internet Works

How DNS Works — The Internet's Phone Book

You type google.com. Your browser stares at it blankly — it has no idea where that is. Here's how the internet turns a name into an address, and why it's faster than you'd expect.

Part 6 — AI Demystified

Why AI Lies (And Doesn't Know It)

AI sometimes states false things with complete confidence — fake citations, wrong numbers, invented APIs. This is hallucination. Here's why it happens and how to catch it.

Part 4 — How the Internet Works

How HTTP Works — The Language of the Web

The TLS tunnel is open. Now your browser and server need to speak the same language. Here's what GET, POST, 404, and 200 actually mean — and what really travels across the wire.

Part 5 — How the Internet Works

How HTTP/2 Works — The Speed Upgrade

HTTP/1.1 can only send one request at a time. A modern page needs 50+ files. HTTP/2 loads everything at once over a single connection — here's how multiplexing actually works.

Part 0 — How the Internet Works

What Happens When You Hit Enter?

You type a URL and press Enter. 200 milliseconds later, a page appears. Here's every single step that happened in between — from DNS lookup to browser paint.

Part 7 — How the Internet Works

How SFTP Works — Secure File Transfers

Every time a developer deploys files to a server or downloads logs, SFTP is often involved. Here's how it differs from FTP, how the SSH tunnel works, and when to use it.

Part 2 — How the Internet Works

How TCP Works — The Internet's Delivery Guarantee

You have an IP address. Before a single byte of data flows, TCP performs a secret handshake and establishes a guarantee: nothing will be lost. Here's how it works.

Part 3 — How the Internet Works

How HTTPS Works — The Lock Icon Explained

Your TCP connection is open. But right now, it's a naked wire — every router between you and the server can read everything. Here's what TLS does, how the handshake works, and what that padlock actually means.

Part 6 — How the Internet Works

How WebSockets Work — Real-Time, Both Ways

HTTP is always ask-then-answer. WebSockets open a permanent channel where server and client talk freely — no polling, no waiting. Here's how chat apps, live feeds, and multiplayer games actually work.

Part 5 — AI Demystified

Why AI Forgets

Mid-conversation, AI suddenly doesn't remember what you said earlier. This isn't a bug — it's the context window. Here's how it works and how to work around it.

Part 4 — AI Demystified

How AI Reads Your Words

AI doesn't read letters or words — it reads tokens. This small detail explains why AI costs money, why it stumbles on names, and why non-English is more expensive.

Part 1 — AI Demystified

What Happens When You Ask AI Something?

You type a message. Half a second later, AI replies. Here's every single step that happens in between — from your first letter to the model's last word.

Part 2 — AI Demystified

Transformers — The Architecture That Changed Everything

Every major AI — GPT, Claude, Gemini, Llama — runs on the Transformer. Here's how it works, stage by stage, with live visualizations.

Part 3 — AI Demystified

How AI Learns, Thinks, and Decides

Training, inference, sampling, fine-tuning — these words are everywhere. Here's what they actually mean, with live visualizations and honest analogies.

SAP ERP Module Universe — Interactive Map

A visual guide to SAP's core ERP modules — Finance, Logistics, Manufacturing, HR, Analytics, and how they all connect through one database.

20 Swedish Social Rules Every Indian Should Know

Moving to Sweden? Here's everything nobody tells you — from queue culture to fika, Janteloven to Systembolaget. An interactive survival guide.